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In the days of rage on the other side of the Mediterranean, again, museums are devastated. Men who rise up for their dignity, culture and memory that is torn. I was reminded of a tragic scene Agora Alejandro Amenábar (dedicated to the life of Hypatia and the bloody decline of classical pagan culture) , when Christians attack the Serapeum and the library (and this, both immediately said, beyond the complex question of the relationship between Serapeum and Library of Alexandria, and the history and milestones of the destruction of the latter) should be a scene which only produces anger for blindness, bigotry, and violence . "This is where you want the triumph of reason Hellenic / here where even the alphabet is a sign dell'obbrobrio be destroyed?", Recite two verses of the beautiful poem by Mario Luzi, Book of Hypatia . Yet I felt a sense of solidarity in the face of the alienated scum bums angry shouting their joy at the destruction of that fine poem that was their hunger and fatigue, impervious to the philosophy that was the sign of humiliation suffered every day, that knowledge and daring genius that was their exclusion, and poverty, and slum where back on their feet filthy.

Is this really that culture is intended to be? Really, what more outraged? The destruction of culture, or the destruction of our culture? What infuriates us more, the loss of a book, or to destroy is a tramp? Thirty-two centuries before the destruction of Serapeum once again in Egypt, the Tips of Ipuwer - lying in the reign of Pharaoh Pepi II of the Sixth Dynasty (in the XXVIII centuries BC) - mourn the destruction of papyrus, the desecration of culture but Once again, the outrage over the devastation of culture comes close to that for social upheaval:

Had I raised my voice at this juncture that it will redeem me from this painful situation where I am! Look at the Private Room, his lyrics were stolen and secrets revealed. Look, the spells have been disclosed, spells are ineffective because people share the repeats. See, I am open and looted stores inventories. The slaves became slave owners. Look, the scribes are murdered and their work stolen. Damn me, damn time! Watch the scribes of the land, their writings were destroyed. Cereals in Egypt ownership of local communities. Look, the rules of Private Room were thrown away. People are walking on the poor and crush the street.

And perhaps the painful words of Sines, a student of Hypatia, a philosopher and a Christian bishop and Neo-Platonic, more sense of it all.

"There is justice in this primary / first a brutal form of justice by whom the party had nothing and hoping for another. / This looks awful and absurd repair / take history as a switch to another "(Mario Luzi, Hypatia Book)

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THE LABYRINTH OF THE CATHEDRAL OF ST MINIATO - new research (Part IV)

Francesco Fiumalbi

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Another hypothesis, which could bind to the previously stated, but not necessarily, is one that sees the "Triple Cinta" strictly theological symbol. As mentioned, the shape of the square (in our case a rectangle) may represent the Earth. Three figures square (or rectangular) levels could mean, in medieval symbology, all three worlds: Earth, Firmamentale and Heavenly (or Divine) which together form the Macrocosm (1). This interpretation, combined with what he sees in San Miniato triple circle pattern of the city of Jerusalem as a symbol for pilgrims to Rome and the Holy Land is perhaps the most plausible.

not forget that the same San Miniato, in imperial times was equipped exactly three circles of walls (2): the external one, which coincides roughly with the "third" of Castelvecchio, the second from "lawn" of the Cathedral whose hinges were just the Tower of Crows (destroyed in the nineteenth century.) and the Tower of Matilde (now the bell tower) and, finally, the castle itself (not to be confused with synecdoche for the tower Frederick). The church of Santa Maria (later Cathedral Church) was located between the second and third ring. It's just a coincidence?

The "triple circle" of the Cathedral of San Miniato

Photo by Francesco Fiumalbi

Reflections proposals leave no doubt that more questions than wanted to respond. It seems too early to determine with certainty the nature and meaning of place in the marble bas-relief facade of the Duomo. The search continues, moving in parallel directions sometimes, and sometimes accidents.

E 'likely that this artifact has ancient origins and has been used, Over the centuries, even in contexts and with very different purposes. What is certain is that the relief was "embedded" in facing after construction of the facade of the Duomo. We hypothesized that its position had to do with moving the "Title" of the parish of St. Genesius the church of Santa Maria in castrum Sancti Miniati. Maybe it's something that has its origins in the settlement Roman slowly emerging from the excavations conducted by Professor Federico Cantini (3), and of pagan origin, and recycled back to the church. References around Europe are clear: the maze "triple wall" is a symbol that is always in close proximity to major international routes, very well beaten by religious pilgrims, just as the Francigena.

There are no certainties. We brought all the possible interpretations to date, even the most fanciful and improbable to be able to suggest ideas to someone much more informed than us. There remains a fascination with an artifact belonging to the history and culture of past centuries, which still belongs to us and that, with current knowledge, we are unable to decipher, at least not completely.

Anyone with information, knowledge, findings and wants to contribute searches for the meaning of this symbol carved in marble, is invited to do so.

(... read more?)

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References

(1) Uber Marisa and Giulio Coluzzi, triple circle of places in Italy, Eremon edition, April, 2008.

(2) Christian texts, the German San Miniato, Florence, 1967, pp. 58-59.

(3) Cantini-Salvestrini (ed.), "Vico Wallari - San Genesio. Historical research and archaeological investigations on a community in the Middle Valdarno Inferiore between Upper and Middle Ages ", Florence University Press, Florence, 2010

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SOURCES TO PAY AND THE WITCH Barbucci

Francesco Fiumalbi

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As we have seen in previous articles, the sources from Fate, place the "magic" by definition, have always suggested specific stimuli for stories and novels in the popular tradition of San Miniato. A testimony of this is represented by Guido Pieragnoli novel "La Bruna Poggighisi. This is a story set in 500, during the siege and capture of San Miniato by the Spaniards under Charles V.

Published in San Miniato, by Bongi Printing in 1886, tells of the amorous and political adventures that revolve around the young Bianca, Bruna Poggighisi, contest between the San Miniato Messer Goro and English Captain Ruiz. History, passion, power games and battles are woven into a compelling mix and full of surprises. All within the backdrop represented by the City of San Miniato.

One of the characters around which the novel is the story of the Witch Barbucci, a sort of fortune teller to which the population is targeted to meet their fate. And what place could accommodate the dwelling of Barbucci?

Here are some songs that speak of Barbucci Witch and the place where he had established.

(...) At that point the campaign was horrible, the slope of the hill coming down to peak, sinking into a large ravine in the middle of a small but dense thicket of acacia trees, which wove their branches long and slender, forming a green cap. (...)

his orridezza addition, the place also had a history or, better, a frightening legend, so that everyone shunned them, and even the hunter azzardavasi for those parts, though he knew that those weeds and those small groups of acacias and many willingly would lay their nests hares and rabbits.

were several years that the frightening tales of ghosts and witches had to give up all those places - it says that if the night were seen around one thousand phantoms that precipice, I felt screams of insane, bizarre and raucous sounds, noises of hell, and time to time were seen wandering in solitude mysterious swarms of small lamps.

The vegetation near the Fairies Source

Photos of Francis Fiumalbi

Even during the day, they said, those who ventured to go in those close it felt like to be chased by an able to intern in the bush of acacia trees, where a crowd of demons, in the guise of fairies fascinate surrounded him, and when he did appear before, in the midst of light beams, all the beauty and charm of Paradise, or the killing then eating its meat, or a beast or calms him in the trunk of a tree!

And it was common voice in the country that those few who, or bravado, or for some other reason, eransi ventured into the cursed place, were not returned.

These superstitious ideas then, these generations, or degeneration, of a sick imagination were yet invigorated by the stories, novels and poems that were written in those days, which were read by all the people sing though - (...).

It is therefore not surprising that even in San Miniato superstition had reached a level high enough, and there are some who just want to be relying on the fact of this pervasive superstition and threatened in order to strengthen the story - since it is considered almost universally to fable - that the country has been taken by the Spaniards for the scattering from the ramparts of the hill of the goats with small lamps attached to the horns, perloché defenders, believing those ghosts, terrified, fled abandoning the citadel, which was taken immediately.

The place of which we discussed above, and still in his name - Sources of Fate - reminds superstitions and fears, was, in the days when we follow the facts to be told, went out of the ordinary, and all men and women, young and old, we all ventured into the same direction, as if it were intended for a common goal.

And - which heightened the strangeness of the thing - the numbers of the people increased, especially at dusk, remained suspended for about an hour, then resumed, after dark in the opposite direction to the country.

All, however, proceeded silently, without even looking as if they were repentant returning from a religious pilgrimage. (...)

The reader will have already figured out what it is, all those people back to the interrogator Barbucci Witch (...).

Sources

to Take Photos of Francis Fiumalbi

where I was coming this witch, and who he was, no one was ever able to know - yes is that in a very short time, it was managed to captivate the hearts of the population, and this triumph reminder devesi perhaps in large part to having the wily witch began his career in San Miniato by ensuring the people of being successful with his exorcisms to free spirits from the famous gorge.

This thing was enough for all rush - with the fanaticism of his people ignorant and superstitious - to get around the old saying the future, to have acquaintance with the things of that and other one (since San Miniato always been San Miniato, and other facts have always made my throat at all) to recover from an illness, to have water and gravies of any kind to love, to hate, the jealousy, for the life and death. (...)

Barbucci ugliness was a remarkable, almost disgusting, and the first to contend before it felt disgust and fear.

owed its name to a tuft of hair thick and tasteless that covered the entire tip of the pointed chin, and a fluff of a faded black that spread out like a mustache on her upper lip - had two small eyes and round, enlivened by a glow grass snake, which made you shiver when I stared up into the deepest fibers as below the effect of a well-fed electric shock - hair, gray with a gray ash dirty, short and wiry, fell on his forehead and down his back, curled, repulsive as small snakes of Medusa's head - the long ears and rolled, flat nose, large nostrils from tablets and porous, which is almost lost amid the two humps sharp cheekbones, the parchment skin, adhering to the bones, wrinkled, yellow as jaundice, hands long, thin, pointed, the body and released a little 'elbow gave the woman a look of the most disgusting.

Sources to Make

Interior room right side

Photos of Francis Fiumalbi

And what made it even more disgusting was the clotted dirt on his clothes torn and his flesh: who had a good nose had found near Barbucci, could see how that body gave off a scent .... That was certainly not with roses and jasmine.

Over all then, the woman had around him for something dark and gloomy, it seemed that the whole enveloping fog, a haze full of terror, its meat was usually at that icy, and if the case had come to touch you, touch I did the same effect of the ice body of a snake grasped his hand.

He had a way to laugh then, that rather than a smile, I looked like a nasty wound it opened, because the thin lips and drooping expands to hatch, and discovered the wide toothless mouth, red blood-red.

Barbucci, women's dark and gloomy as he was, he wanted to make his dwelling in the most horrible of the surroundings. In that part of the campaign we've described, and that San Miniato believed for so long as an accursed place, and it was there that he founded the witch, for so to speak, his palace, where every day combined to crowd the cupboards, which then left the bosom of the shrew of the good cents.

That building consisted of two large caves carved into the rock of the hill, one building to another, precisely at that point now where you can find the sources.

The acacia and the sycamore trees that completely cover dark and mysterious place where no ray of sunlight penetrated and hence no one could see even a strip of sky.

A wooden door, big and worm-eaten, the entrance to the cave more large, which communicated with each other through an opening, which best could be called a narrow opening that door. (...)

Sources to Make

The natural source

Photo by Francesco Fiumalbi

In that room was nothing to frighten people and disgust.

walls, quite naked, dripping wet from all sides, and corners the water falling in drops, with a rattling jingle uniform and gloomy, had formed the broad black veins, which in that Darkness took the guise of funeral cloth.

Opposite the entrance door, worn on a table and worm-eaten burned an oil lamp that sent throughout the cave and a reddish light flickering, which increased terror in that sort of grave, next to lumen died of a skull, all shook up, grinning ominously with the jaws and broken and white, scattered on the coffee table, a number of sticks of various lengths and various colors, bottles and flares of all sizes, filters, jars, an arsenal of short pharmacist.

In a corner of the cave near the door, a blazing brazier with long iron bars within the cross, and supported by these, a large copper kettle was boiling and bubbling within which a strange mixture.

The atmosphere of that environment was absolutely stifling, full of choking fumes and fumes from various cropping and acute breathing heavily, light smoke, but poignant, a kind of fog, which penetrated nostrils and mouth almost to suffocate, gave the place the whole aspect of opening a mine recently burned. (...)

The rock walls were adorned only by hideous bodies reptile on his back and nailed to that environment gave something original and new that came out of the town and gave a note to the natural fear of strange poetry. (...)

The other room was for men look sad and gloomy the other men - also carved into the rock, damp and dark, but bare of furnishings that adorn the other grim : The Furnished only a great bed, two chairs and a small table, an oil lantern, hanging from the ceiling, illuminated by a light suppressed the environment. (...)

Sources to Make

limestone on the outer wall of Francesco

Photo Fiumalbi

Barbucci The witch could not live on their own sources to Fate. What place so mysterious and, in a sense, so far, there in the middle of a wooded hillside and cold.

It 's amazing the wealth of detail that gives us the clever storyteller. The minutiae of his words makes us run with today's thought to the images of sources to Fate. The "caves", vegetation, humidity. It seems that the author of the novel you have been recently, so today the picture is similar to the one told.

We are unable to decipher whether the term used "cave" reflects the ancient San Miniato feel or whether it was created for the purpose of the novel. We have seen, in GEOGRAPHY OF FATE, as the structure of the sources has not been excavated, but it was built next to the steep hillside. And what about the rock that constitutes the walls of the cave? Probably the limestone covered most of the internal surfaces, suggesting that its image.

The author speaks of caves in the number of 2. Also in the above article you will remember that in reality environments should be three, one for each arch. In practice, however, the portion left today is buffered, closed and it was not possible to verify the cavity. It may be that it was also at the end of the nineteenth century, when Pieragnoli writes his story. Curious, however, that in the novel's two other rooms, probably the middle and the right to be communicating through a small hole. Even for this particular we can not establish their authenticity. Today the two "rooms" are not related, but it is not inconceivable that they were in the past.

Moisture that oozes from all surfaces and the "black veins," the technical term "leachate" accurately reflect the current situation.

really striking, finally, the description of the hillside. It may have been written in our days. The thicket of acacia trees is really as horrible in the description of the novel as a real Lucus, pagan beliefs in the sacred grove, and that embodies the fascinating mystery of the Fairies and their source.

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Until

Georges Simenon, The snow was dirty [1948] , Milano, Adelphi, 2009

"For roads and streets / I try my love. / I've tried, But I could not find. / I met the guards / that made the rounds in the city. / I asked them: "Have you seen my love?". " Some novels evoke a sense of cold that will not go away. As in this beautiful novel by Simenon. It's not just the snow that winter freezing of some European city names German foreign occupation subject to a long, silent and oppressive. Nor is it only that snow in the alley one night Frank Friedmaier crouches to stab a sergeant of the occupants. Frank is not a fanatic, nor a shaker or a patriot . Frank, eighteen, wants to be a man. Not to enter the underworld: that he wants is his destiny to hunt down, chase him, challenge him, something unknown, something absent, too far beyond a mother's brothel madam, too beyond those girls with the mother which sometimes goes to bed, fall in love with him and that only proves irrelevant nuisance, or even the Timo adventurous patrons of the bar, easy money, dirty business, collaboration penny. doubling the promontory, looking out the other side. Yet while crouching with a knife in his hand, his life intersects with that of the neighbor, Gerhardt Holst, one of those men who are ashamed of not being like the others and take that air humble, quiet, that does not look at anyone, all concentrated in the aluminum cans for lunch, that object that links him to the mundane daily, Sissy, teenage daughter, perhaps the remains of a past wealthy. Yet between the two men running a link that Frank feels, and looks, without explain it. There are Holst and he . Frank travels the road that leads to the ferocity and coldness, detachment, refusal, no anger, no pity for himself or for others, only indifferent determination. But all along the icy path of Frank Sissy - that little girl in love with him, who has come to make love like a mouse , which is resurgence of guilt, of a dull pain of betrayal - and the Holst, which without that it understands the reason he has not betrayed. Figure obsessive of a world different from that for which he feels only disgust. And that destiny searched in blood and frost arrives unexpectedly one morning, the last thing I would have thought. Trapped in a prison. In total solitude. Interrogation unpredictable, mysterious, whose plot Frank struggles to understand. A sort of chess News, silence, solitude, even on treatment, world unto itself, its own laws, that Frank has to invent, to discover something hitherto unknown to him, the true meaning of words. Jaromir Hladik, it The secret miracle Borges, in the courtyard of the barracks where the Gestapo is about to be shot, gets a year of time to complete immobility of his tragedy: "I do not work for posterity and not for God , of whose literary preferences he knew little. Meticulous, property, secret, ordered in time its high invisible maze. " Just put the last word, the drop on the cheek to slide back, and rips the fourfold saves. Frank can not resist the interrogation to be saved, not forcing a strict discipline to get out of jail. He does it to win the smell of earth, living thing, all that has never had, do not expect to have. What he sees from the cell, is a distant window. And there is life. What I did not, who knows now that will not. In some parts of the city there is a man who leaves in the morning with the certainty of the evening to find that woman and the baby in its cradle, and a bed with their odors. A man for whom she prepares a daily aluminum cans for lunch. That woman at the window, which gives the title to the third and final part of the novel, so similar and so far the man at the window, the last thing seen by the prosecutor Prague Josef K., is the life he sought. This time there is no need, like Jaromir Hladik, a final word that seals the end of a search, just won a match from that lot that has hated all his life. And down in the courtyard, when the time comes, then we will raise the collar, like everyone else, for once, like everyone else, and she will soon, to save for once, the cold the other fellow. "Come, my love, my beautiful, come on. / It's over the winter, / The rain has ended. "

Thank gbrlbldssr

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somarajja He writes that SSA and llegge,

Sti teòlichi and st 'antre ggente learned,

Saria mejjo s'annassino to fuck ffa

Co them on ' pounds to sson de farts.

vvedi Oh, Christ, That Shakes bbella law!

gives them sharp horns in the night:

Suda Istat as pperacotte:

The winter cold p'er arregge nun!

Er bbutta achiev wind, ll'acqua t'abbaggna,

Te er thighs brushes, and, ppe ddeppiù mmalanno,

Without er iff maggna prìffete a cock!

And Below tAll studies sse them know,

A little is freggnaccia de magaggna

Nun nun Cianna Cianna never cure!

GG Belli, Li doctors, 181 (Terni, October 6, 1831)

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CASTRUM Moriori

Francesco Fiumalbi

Castrum Moriori, Castle Moriolo. The name is resonant. Speaking of the "castle" usually evokes certain cinematic images: giant castles, knights, princesses and damsels. In fact, this military settlement had to be very small, just a tower enclosed within a fence. Perhaps there has been a horse, a weapon in metal, no princess has ever lived and the bridesmaids should not be more than housewives.

Ready, go! Direction "Castello" Moriolo

Smartarc Team: from left Luciano Marrucci, Alessio Guardini, Meri Bertini, Fabio Cappelli, Costagli Rita, Massimo Bertini, Francesco picture Fiumalbi

Moriolo today is a fraction of the Municipality of San Miniato and is located on a hill to the south-west of the capital, along the road that leads Valdegola, called the road to Volterra.

do not know the origin of this "castle", even though the term "Moriolo" was mentioned for the first time in 786 (a), during the rise of Charlemagne and uncertainty for the fall of Lombard kingdom occurred only a few years earlier. Our territory has been inhabited since ancient (2) for which we know exactly the period in which this settlement was born. According to the Pier, the place name derives from the noble Roman Moriolo Murrius (3). If this view is correct we should perhaps look for the origin of this small group within the Roman pagus , or those small agricultural center court.

The small town of Moriolo was granted a fief of the lords of San Miniato in 983 (4). A few years earlier, in 943, the faction of the Lucchese Lambardi had obtained from Eriberto, rector of Vico Wallari (San Genesio), land on the hill of San Miniato through a lease was. In 991 and Hugh Fraolmo, daughter of the late Hugh (Lambardi) were named among the lords of San Miniato (5), probably in 962, where there was a small outpost of empire, built by Otto I during his invasion of Italy (6). It 'difficult to reconstruct these steps, the intertwining of power and the provision of real political weight of this government-run, however, we can say that during the tenth century Moriolo definitely comes as part of the influence of San Miniato, which was seen to increase much its population.

view from San Miniato Moriolo

Photo by Francesco Fiumalbi

Moriolo, why build a military outpost here?

The hillock, on which it stands is, as mentioned, to the south-west of the capital. It was an easily defensible position and placed under control of the road. It is located in the "hump" from the hill east of the imaginary camel completed but where there is a church dedicated to Saint-Germain. The road passes Volterrana, then as now, through a "saddle", a small pass, easily controllable. From the castle was then possible to see much of the Valley of the ENS (the stream that flows south of San Miniato) and see the Valdegola. Instead it had to be controlled, at least in part, by another small settlement located at Sorrezzana the current location, just above the bridge over the Torrente Egola (which had to be more or less where there is the current one), and that was a vantage point for a good portion of the valley. It should be noted that this location is not shared by all. Lotti said the fact that the castle had to be exactly where the church is located (7), forming a "fortified town." It is clear the error, betrayed by some romantic historiography. It was not quite a village, but some houses that had spread like a landmark tower with a small defensive fence. In fact, the area surrounding the church dedicated to Saint-Germain is a place for a few meters higher than the other "hump", but more distant from the road, and only real matrix. Whether it was a tower there, the notary provides test and chronicler John of San Miniato from Lemmo Armaleoni Comugnori speaking unequivocally Turrim de Moriori (8).

The "crossing" between the two "humps" of the "camel" of Moriolo

Photo by Francesco Fiumalbi

settlement system medieval, as in earlier times and later, relies heavily on the road system, which only occasionally corresponds with the current one. Has no means of locomotion motor roads followed precise conformations, going to adapt orography of the land. There were then only routes inland valley and ridge. There were the "bends," practically born with the car, and the viability of the hillside, with very few exceptions. Looking at the road today, it is clear that the existing road does not coincide entirely with the original. The section on the north side, towards the valley of ENS was definitely changed, while in the south towards Sorrezzana and Genovino, including the so-called "crossing" between the two "bumps" had to be almost identical to the roads today, except for the final stretch.

The military system of a "free city" as one of San Miniato in medieval times was based heavily on a series of "stations" made in defense of the roads. The city districts, organized under appropriate Society of Arms "could count on real gangs located in the castles of the territory (9). These were mostly small private military often controlled directly by the gentlemen who held the property of the surrounding land and holding important civic activities. These small settlements were to be born in addition to overseeing the viability in establishing safe from theft and raids on crops and livestock (10).

card and its Moriolo

Drawing on a CTR 10000 of Francesco Fiumalbi

return to the "castle" Moriolo. This small fort would have passed almost unnoticed in local history were it not that it played a fairly significant role in the struggles of early '300. In those years, the Municipality of San Miniato was almost crushed between two superpowers, Pisa and Florence, and for this his land border will be the backdrop to countless armed conflicts.

In the words that follow we propose a reconstruction of the events of the early '300 simply to position in a wider context the events of the Castle Moriolo, without being exhaustive and precise.

In 1284 Pisa was defeated by Genoa in the famous "Battle of Meloria. The final decline of the city came with the renunciation of any claim on Corsica to Genoa and the sale of most of Sardinia in 1299. Pisa is found to be in a few years, a city without water, and this begins to entertain ambitions growing in the hinterland, where you can find sustenance for a very large population. Strong alliance with the Holy Roman Empire (who lived several centuries the problem of stabilization of Tuscany, which will never solve), Pisa in 1313 the government called a vicar of the Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg: the captain of fortune Uguccione Faggiola ( 11). These, thanks to an army made up of many German mercenaries, began a real campaign of conquest: besieged and occupied the city Lucca and put to the sword most of the Lower Valdarno. The highlight of his victories was achieved in 1315 with the resounding victory of Pisa, which had virtually all against (Florence, Siena, Anjou, etc) at Montecatini.

What remains of the Castle of Moriolo,

photo taken courtesy of the property, Mr. Lami.

In the territory of San Miniato, the events are no less complex. Although avowedly hostile, Florence and Pisa were great deals trade and the taxes imposed by the free town of San Miniato, considered exorbitant, hampering the "business" between the two cities. In 1313 Uguccione Faggiola can put in check most of the castles of the territory of San Miniato. There was a real insurgency, also because of the poorly stitched up strife between the "Magna" and "Peasants" of 1308 (12). It is not possible to determine which of the small castles were besieged and conquered, and what is delivered to Pisa. In fact, many forts fell into the hands of the Uguccione Faggiola, including Cigoli, Garlic, Balconevisi, Bucciano, Camporena, Comugnori, Grumulo, Montalto, Stibbio, the Tower of San Romano and, of course, Moriolo. Some of these were established free communes. All this without the Florentine allies were moving leaf. After all, even to them was a good lesson to the greedy tax collector of San Miniato. The Florentines sent 300 men to support the Allies until after a few days, when the castle had already occurred and very little could be done.

structures to "barbican" in the south-east summit

Picture taken courtesy of the property, Mr. Lami.

The Ghibellines in Pisa Moriolo, closed the Guelph San Miniato from the south, effectively cutting off all possible links to the Valdegola. From there they went several raids maintaining high tension. San Miniato in May of 1313 I tried to put an end to this situation, I decided to retake the castle Moriolo. The battle took place in front of the castle, but defended himself and sent back the assailants (13).

revenge for the continuous removes stains received, the San Miniato destroyed the palace and the tower of such a Cuccolo from Moriori who was in the neighborhood of Out Door locations Poggio identified with the Lot 'now Piazza del Popolo (Piazza San Domenico) (14), although it lacks adequate reference to this effect.

How should appear Castle Moriolo

Design Francesco Fiumalbi

In Pisa grew dissatisfied with the despotic internal attitude Uguccione Faggiuola, who was ousted in 1316 (15). Fallen Uguccione, Robert of Anjou, in April of 1317 at his court of Naples, succeeded in pacifying the Guelph League, and the Florentines in the forefront, with Pisa and Lucca. At the time the parties agreed to maintain the achievements in each city during the war (16). John Lim Armaleoni in his diary says that in 1318 the Pisani pledged to return the castles conquered in San Miniato. E 'probable that the pacts made with the San Miniato were different than those with Florence and take the body with the Peace of Montopoli in 1329. Indeed, after long negotiations they managed to recover the Sanminiatese Moriolo of the outpost and erect the tower on the flagpole the arms Comunis Sancti Miniatis (17), the municipal flag.

Tuscan The situation was evolving slowly, marked by ongoing armed conflicts. Castruccio Castracani and Louis of Bavaria are the protagonists of these events that culminated with the final fall of Pisa, which is, in fact, made with Florence in the Peace of Montopoli, which took place on 8 August 1329 (18). Pisa pledged to return the territories it conquered in the time of 50 days (19) including several castles San Miniato not yet returned. The Republic of Florence took her under his jurisdiction almost throughout the Middle Valdarno Inferiore. Although formally free city, San Miniato finally came to gravitate around the orbit of Florence. Castles San Miniato still not returned were taken over by the Florentines. The Tower of San Romano was ceded to the City of Montopoli. Stibbio, Montebicchieri, Comugnori, Leporaja Cigoli and were not returned to San Miniato, and came to represent the City of Cigoli, who will stand up to the reforms of 1774 Leopold (20).

What remains of the castle of Moriolo, Interior

Picture taken courtesy of the property, Mr. Lami.

Little Castle Moriolo came back after 5 years in the hands of San Miniato, which suffered the "ruins" (21).

It is not clear how the destruction occurred. E 'likely to have been knocked down the fence and the tower pollarded. This is the part basamentaria, perhaps the ground level, consisting of a vaulted ceiling with nails. This structure is ill-suited to common wine. It 's a very rigid structure, powerful, built to withstand heavy loads. The walls are very thick and could easily support a multi-storey structure.

In front of the south you see some portions of the Barbican. These structures were used, then as now, primarily to distribute the loads on the ground and contain any failure. These did not explain its presence if not thinking a large load, concentrated mostly on the south-east, and opposite to the valley, and could well identify with the strong weight of a tower.

The architectural analysis of portions of the original walls that have survived until today strengthens the documentary evidence of John Lemmon Armaleoni Comugnori from previously cited.

The military outpost was also equipped with an internal water source, which guarantees its autonomy in case of siege. This finding is extremely significant accuracy in choosing the place that, in addition to being defensible position, conveniently close to roads and water features.

The "source" inside

Picture taken courtesy of the property, Mr. Lami.

As we have seen, the castle was destroyed by the San Miniato. In its place was built a house, maybe a farm. The property passed in the years to the Griffin family, as evidenced by the Charter of the Captains of the Guelph (1580-1595) (22).

The building came in the 700 to the Pazzi family. It is unclear how the change of ownership has occurred, or whether it was bought by Chellini-Sanminiati and then inherited by the Pazzi in 1751 or purchased directly by the noble Florentine family.

I Pazzi undergoes major renovations, transforming the building into a small villa-farm. Testimony of what remains in some capitals "signed".

capital base created for the Pazzi family

Photo taken by kind granting of the property, Mr. Lami.

This building is a small example of how history has left its mark set in the stone and brick. Experience ancient and distant conflict, but with close economic and signs are still visible today.

We thank Mr. Lami, the building owner for permission to visit the ancient "castle" of the team Moriolo Smartarc.

Team Smartarc: comments and final considerations

From left: Francesco Fiumalbi, Meri Bertini, Alessio Guardini, Rita Costagli, Luciano Marrucci, Fabio Cappelli and the photographer, but there is not seen, Massimo Bertini

References:

(1) Cianelli, Memories and documents to serve the City and State all'istoria of Lucca, in Emanuele Repetti, Historical Dictionary of Physical Geography of Tuscany , Tofani Editore, Florence, 1833, Volume III, pp. 428-429, voice Moriolo .

(2) AAVV The hills of San Miniato (Pisa): the nature and history , Supplement No. 1 to vol. 14 (1995) Papers of the Museum of Natural History in Livorno, National Research Council, the Province of Pisa.

(3) Silvio Pieri, Toponymy of the Arno Valley, Forni Editore, reprint 1919.

(4) Roberto Boldrini (ed.), Dictionary of Place names the City of San Miniato , Bongi, 2004, p.. 75.

(5) Cianelli, Memories and documents to serve City and State all'istoria of Lucca, in Emanuele Repetti, Historical Dictionary of Physical Geography of Tuscany , Tofani Editore, Florence, 1833, Volume V, p.. 60, San Miniato voice.

(6) Giovanni Lami, Deliciae scholar rum , Florence, 1736-1769.

(7) Lots Dilva, San Miniato, the life of an ancient city , Sagep Editrice, Genova, 1980, p.. 324.

(8) Vieri Mazzoni (ed.), Diary of Sir John Lemmo Armaleoni by Comugnori "Olschky, Florence, 2008, c. 59v, p.. 71.

(9) Lots Dilva, Op Cit. , p.. 65.

(10) See Article The civilization of the tower in AAVV, Project San Gimignano, Alinea, Firenze, 1997.

(11) http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguccione_della_Faggiola

(12) by Giovanni di Lemmo Armaleoni Comugnori, Diary (1299-1319) , Olschki , 2008.

(13) Repetti, Op Cit. , volume III, pp. 428-429, voice Moriolo .

(14) Lots Dilva, Op Cit. , p.. 324.

(15) http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/aa1313a.htm

(16) Ibid.

(17) Vieri Mazzoni (ed.), p. O Cit. , c. 59v, p.. 71.

(18) http://montopolinvaldarno.splinder.com/archive/2009-09

(19) Repetti, Op Cit., volume III, pp. 428-429, voice Moriolo .

(20) Repetti, Op Cit., Volume V, p.. 60, San Miniato voice.

(21) Repetti, Op Cit., volume III, pp. 428-429, voice Moriolo .

(22) Charters Captains Party, State Archives Florence, Olschki, c 661.

What Does The Chanel Kabuki Brush Do

black slug, snail red

Antonia Susan Byatt

, A woman who calls [2002], Torino, Einaudi, 2006, € 12

whistles Why a woman? As a sign of recognition designed for the afterlife? To recall, beyond a shelf in a supermarket aisles traveled by people already died without knowing it? A woman whistling and a clucking hen / - says the man - not like neither to God nor to me , as stated in the first reference in exergue of the novel. A woman sometimes whistles because it is not appropriate, because only men whistle, and then blows his whistle because he wants to be free. The whistle of women, as demand for freedom, but also as a punishment for freedom claimed, circumscribes the boundaries of the book: Just whistle more. stronger, he will say in conclusion Luk Lysgaard Frederica Potter (the figure that, without this being the main character, knot the threads of the novel) when that admit their doubts to enter working in a male world, and the novel opens with the tale of a Tolkien story, focusing on whistling, winged female creatures, lost in the icy shores because of the danger of looking wind and snow and darkness , executed by confinement in the city men, they were driven out as evil and filthy , and whose voice has become a whistle understand that nobody knows. And story-telling, metaracconto, virtuosic narrative montages (although sometimes frown fragmentation makes the reader even more patient), mirrors and reflections are the key to this novel ends, ends?, Tetralogy ( The virgin in the garden , Still Life, Babel Tower ) that covers the life of Frederica fifties at the end of the sixties, as a reflection of socio-cultural modern England. The year 1968 is the year of the apocalypse and the birth of the new world (and that January 1970 that only occurrence, headline the final chapter, opens a new decade). A great choral novel, in which, on the spindle of Frederica, its fragility and its growing human and cultural events are wrapped multiple personalities (not all of them succeeded, you can tell, and, worse, not all elements). Those few months in which the clot thickens forms of thought and scientific concepts; as typical of the work of Byatt, in fact, the system of concentric narrative novel, streak chemistry, ethology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, genetics, mathematics, neuroscience, zoology, biology, the great debates of the time, tied to each other.

fulcrum of the novel, in a sense, is the body and mind conference held at the University of North Yorkshire, in confronting scholars of every discipline: hence radiating connections with characters, episodes, themes of the work (connections at times perhaps too uncomfortably explicit): the thesis on "male redundant" loser Darwinian selection, related to the discovery of female Frederica and the other, their transgression of single mothers who rebuild their lives and sneak into areas masculine animal studies asexual and hermaphroditic sexuality to discover a free and independent; theories of neuronal synapses fatigue of human beings to remember, the Fibonacci spiral phyllotaxis to identity, studies of meiosis and the suffering of their brothers, identical twins-and Ottokar opposed to the theory of syzygies of the Gnostic Manichean; formalized rituals the courtship dance of Sula nebouxi ethology of survival in suffering love, which the mathematical languages aphasia affective science. In short, we need a map provided to start reading. But exactly when and next to the Congress develops un'Antiuniversità, a radical contestation of culture and forms of knowledge sedimented, whose lessons of counter-culture and whose troubles are bound to explode in violent form in a fire (cathartic ?) that has all the energy and violence of a world that is regenerated or perhaps die. An apocalyptic conflagration of hatred that leads to fatal fire which consumes the degeneration of a group of psychiatric therapy in a Manichean sect (again, body and mind, matter and light bleeding). Two different packages in a micro, in turn reflected - the macrocosm / microcosm, and you'd almost wonder what is the one to which the other - in studies on two species of snails, the ' arion ater autofecondante, clones meek, el' Arion rufus , hermaphrodite and cannibal in search of sexual dominance.

The relationship between sex and reason, between science and life, is the painful backdrop on which the characters move in a world where, as Wittgenstein and Gödel, the mathematician paradise of perfect forms is demoted to a marsh, a swamp full of wisps philosophical. So the studies on the chemistry of memories are bound inextricably to the reemergence of an old nightmare of carnage and blood never removed, the terror of a light of love is fragile, a gnostic Without Sofia, abortion expelled from the Pleroma, which is fear, pain, perplexity, imploring . Because research which investigates the man himself is confusion and mystery. And in the relationship between reason and faith we will have the Darwinian scientist, the kierkergaardiano hardened and unbelieving, the Jungian mystic visionary.

Science and culture seem to know no longer contain the collapse. Students whose application is Use the cock and pussy not the brain, and fungi have not Shakespeare, or at least to finalize the design of jewelry. The same BBC program "Through the Looking Glass (by which Frederica-Alice becomes a national star), meta-television broadcasting at a time when television becomes the new form of reproduction, and image of the world and the same thought, not just the place which retrieves the major themes of a changing society, and questions about herself, but also a talk-shaw culturaleggiante and worldly, with great intellectuals ready to discuss either of tupperware and Freud and abortion. Lively hypostasis of a dismembered thought, popularized, apparently made (and rejected by any of the characters), but also effective, relevant, suited to the new world of disorder and crisis.

On this stretch the world's cultural and social satire el'invettiva Byatt - to affect most Wijnnobel Eva, the wife of the rector, and his arrogant and psychotic cialtroneria astrologizzante - and condemnation of fanaticism irrational with rage at the "anti-anti-being" dell'antiuniversità, and dismayed with pity for Josh Lamb, psychotic, delusional, a family tragedy behind him, which inexorably sinking into madness, paranoid and in a religious system, has some of the darkest pages of the novel and beautiful.

A novel is a kind of summa scientific, restless and curious, ready to absorb and experiment, but also that it is a bulwark against all forms of irrationality and fideism rampant, almost desire to rebuild that shattered the Gnostic Pleroma human suffering and the triumph of darkness. An ambitious, perhaps too much, not irritating or pretentious emptiness, of course not, but every now suspect that the overall aesthetic result does not withstand all the massive scientific, and the danger of falling, rather than in the Rector's Theory of Everything Wijnnobel, in the treatise de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis on which Voltaire quipped, those remain.